Sekureva kwaSmarTech, kambani yekugadzira tekinoroji yekubvunza, aerospace ndiyo yechipiri yakakura indasitiri inoshandirwa nekuwedzera kugadzira (AM), yechipiri chete kumushonga.Zvisinei, kuchine kushayikwa kwekuziva kwekugona kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveceramic mukukurumidza kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zveaerospace, kuwedzera kushanduka uye kushandiswa kwemari.AM inogona kugadzira zvikamu zvakasimba uye zvakareruka zveceramic nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya kudzikisira mutengo wevashandi, kuderedza kuungana kwemaoko, nekuvandudza kushanda nesimba kuburikidza nedhizaini yakagadziridzwa nemuenzaniso, nekudaro ichidzikisa huremu hwendege.Uye zvakare, yekuwedzera yekugadzira ceramic tekinoroji inopa dimensional kudzora kweakapedzwa zvikamu zvezvidiki pane 100 microns.
Nekudaro, izwi rekuti ceramic rinogona kuunza pfungwa isiriyo yebrittleness.Muchokwadi, akawedzera-akagadzirwa ceramics anogadzira akareruka, akatsetseka zvikamu zvine simba rakakura rechimiro, kuoma, uye kuramba kune yakakura tembiricha renji.Makambani anotarisisa kumberi ari kutendeukira kuzvinhu zvekugadzira ceramic, zvinosanganisira mabhunu nemapropeller, magetsi ekuvharisa uye turbine blades.
Semuenzaniso, high-purity alumina ine yakanyanya kuoma, uye ine yakasimba corrosion resistance uye tembiricha.Zvikamu zvakagadzirwa nealumina zvakare zvinodzivirirwa nemagetsi pakupisa kwakanyanya kunowanikwa mumasisitimu emuchadenga.
Zirconia-based ceramics inogona kusangana neakawanda maapplication ane zvakanyanyisa zvinhu zvinodiwa uye yakakwira mechaniki kushushikana, senge yakakwirira-yekupedzisira simbi kuumbwa, mavharuvhu nemabhengi.Silicon nitride ceramics ine simba rakakwirira, kusimba kwepamusoro uye yakanakisa yekupisa kutyisa kuramba, pamwe neakanaka makemikari kuramba nekuora kweakasiyana maasidhi, alkali uye masimbi akanyungudutswa.Silicon nitride inoshandiswa kune insulators, impellers, uye yakakwirira-tembiricha yakaderera-dielectric antennas.
Composite ceramics inopa akati wandei anodiwa hunhu.Silicon-based ceramics yakawedzerwa nealumina uye zircon yakaratidza kuita zvakanaka mukugadzirwa kwekristaro imwe chete yekukanda mablades eturbine.Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo ceramic musimboti yakagadzirwa nechinhu ichi ine yakaderera kupisa kwekuwedzera kusvika 1,500 ° C, yakakwirira porosity, yakanakisa mhando yepamusoro uye yakanaka leachability.Kudhinda aya macores kunogona kuburitsa turbine dhizaini inogona kumirisana nepamusoro tembiricha yekushanda uye kuwedzera injini kushanda zvakanaka.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti jekiseni kuumba kana machining eceramics kwakaoma kwazvo, uye machining anopa mashoma kuwana kune zvikamu zviri kugadzirwa.Zvimiro zvakaita semadziro matete zvakare zvakaoma kumichina.
Nekudaro, Lithoz inoshandisa lithography-based ceramic kugadzira (LCM) kugadzira chaiyo, yakaoma-yakaumbwa 3D ceramic zvikamu.
Kutanga kubva kuCAD modhi, iwo akatsanangurwa akatemerwa anoendeswa nedigital kune 3D printer.Wobva waisa iyo yakanyatsogadzirwa ceramic poda kumusoro kwevheti inoonekera.Nzvimbo yekuvaka inofambiswa inonyudzwa mumadhaka uye ipapo inoratidzirwa kuchiedza chinooneka kubva pasi.Iwo mufananidzo wedhizaini unogadzirwa nedhijitari micro-mirror mudziyo (DMD) yakasanganiswa neiyo projection system.Nekudzokorora chiitiko ichi, chikamu chegirini chetatu-dimensional chinogona kugadzirwa dhizaini.Mushure mekupisa mushure mekurapwa, binder inobviswa uye zvikamu zvakasvibirira zvinosanganiswa-zvakasanganiswa neyakakosha yekudziya-kuburitsa yakanyatso dense ceramic chikamu chine yakanakisa mechanical zvivakwa uye pamusoro pemhando.
Tekinoroji yeLCM inopa hutsva, inodhura uye nekukurumidza maitiro ekudyara kweinjini yeturbine-kupfuura inodhura uye inorema kugadzira mold inodiwa pakuumba jekiseni uye kurasika kukanda wakisi.
LCM inogona zvakare kuwana madhizaini asingagone kuwanikwa nedzimwe nzira, nepo ichishandisa mashoma kwazvo zvigadzirwa kupfuura dzimwe nzira.
Kunyangwe paine mukana mukuru wezvigadzirwa zveceramic uye tekinoroji yeLCM, pachine mukaha pakati peAM yevagadziri vemidziyo yepakutanga (OEM) nevagadziri vemhepo.
Chimwe chikonzero chinogona kunge chiri kuramba nzira nyowani dzekugadzira mumaindasitiri ane zvakanyanya kuchengetedzeka uye zvemhando zvinodiwa.Kugadzirwa kweAerospace kunoda akawanda ekuongorora uye maitiro ekufanirwa, pamwe nekunyatso uye kwakasimba kuyedzwa.
Chimwe chipingamupinyi chinosanganisira kutenda kuti 3D kudhinda kunonyanya kukodzera chete imwe-nguva yekukurumidza prototyping, pane chero chinhu chinogona kuiswa mumhepo.Zvekare, uku kusanzwisisana, uye 3D yakadhindwa zvinhu zveceramic zvakaratidzwa kuti zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwakawanda.
Muenzaniso kugadzirwa kweturbine blades, uko AM ceramic process inogadzira imwechete crystal (SX) cores, pamwe nedirectional solidification (DS) uye equiaxed casting (EX) superalloy turbine blades.Cores ane zvimiro zvebazi zvakaoma, madziro akawanda uye mipendero inoteedzera isingasviki 200μm inogona kugadzirwa nekukurumidza uye nehupfumi, uye zvikamu zvekupedzisira zvine hunoenderana dhimensional kurongeka uye yakanakisa kupera kwepamusoro.
Kuvandudza kutaurirana kunogona kuunza pamwe vagadziri veaerospace uye AM OEMs uye kuvimba zvizere zveceramic zvikamu zvinogadzirwa uchishandisa LCM uye humwe hunyanzvi.Tekinoroji uye hunyanzvi huripo.Inoda kushandura nzira yekufunga kubva ku AM yeR&D uye prototyping, uye woiona senzira yekumberi kune yakakura-zvikuru zvekutengesa zvikumbiro.
Pamusoro pedzidzo, makambani emuchadenga anogona zvakare kuisa nguva muvashandi, mainjiniya, uye kuyedzwa.Vagadziri vanofanirwa kunge vachijairana nemayero akasiyana uye nzira dzekuongorora ma ceramics, kwete simbi.Semuyenzaniso, Lithoz's maviri akakosha ASTM zviyero zvezvimiro zveceramics ndeyeASTM C1161 yekuyedza simba uye ASTM C1421 yekuomarara kuyedzwa.Aya maitiro anoshanda kune ceramics inogadzirwa nenzira dzese.Mukugadzirwa kweceramic yekuwedzera, nhanho yekudhinda ingori nzira yekugadzira, uye zvikamu zvinosangana nemhando imwechete yekupisa seyakaremara ceramics.Naizvozvo, iyo microstructure yezvikamu zveceramic ichave yakafanana neyakajairwa machining.
Zvichienderana nekuenderera mberi kwekufambira mberi kwezvinhu uye tekinoroji, tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti vagadziri vachawana data rakawanda.Zvitsva zveceramic zvinhu zvichagadzirwa uye zvakagadziridzwa zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveinjiniya.Zvikamu zvakagadzirwa zve AM ceramics zvinopedza iyo certification process yekushandiswa mune aerospace.Uye ichapa zvirinani maturusi ekugadzira, akadai seyakagadziridzwa modelling software.
Nekubatana neLCM tekinoroji nyanzvi, makambani emuchadenga anogona kuunza AM ceramic maitiro emukati-kupfupisa nguva, kuderedza mitengo, uye kugadzira mikana yekuvandudza kweiyo kambani pfuma yehungwaru.Nekufanoona uye kuronga kwenguva refu, makambani emuchadenga anodyara mutekinoroji yeceramic anogona kuwana mabhenefiti akakosha mune yavo yese portfolio yekugadzira mumakore gumi anotevera nekupfuura.
Nekutanga mubatanidzwa ne AM Ceramics, vagadziri vemidziyo yeaerospace vachagadzira zvinhu zvanga zvisingafungidzike.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
Shawn Allan achataura nezve kuoma kwekutaura zvinobudirira zvakanakira zveceramic additive kugadzira paCeramics Expo muCleveland, Ohio munaGunyana 1, 2021.
Kunyangwe kuvandudzwa kwema hypersonic hurongwa hwekubhururuka kwave kuripo kwemakumi emakore, iko zvino kwave kuri pamberi pekudzivirira kwenyika yeUS, kuunza iyi ndima mumamiriro ekukura nekukurumidza uye shanduko.Senzvimbo yakasarudzika yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, dambudziko nderekutsvaga nyanzvi dzine hunyanzvi hunodiwa kusimudzira kukura kwayo.Nekudaro, kana pasina nyanzvi dzakakwana, zvinogadzira gaka rekuvandudza, sekuisa dhizaini yekugadzira (DFM) kutanga muchikamu cheR&D, uyezve kushanduka kuita gaka rekugadzira kana yanyanya kunonoka kuita shanduko dzinodhura.
Mibatanidzwa, senge ichangobva kugadzwa University Alliance yeApplied Hypersonics (UCAH), inopa nharaunda yakakosha yekurima matarenda anodiwa kusimudzira munda.Vadzidzi vanogona kushanda zvakananga nevatsvagiri veyunivhesiti uye nyanzvi dzeindasitiri kuvandudza tekinoroji uye kufambisira mberi kwakakomba hypersonic research.
Kunyangwe UCAH nedzimwe dziviriro consortia dzakabvumidza nhengo kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana einjiniya, basa rakawanda rinofanirwa kuitwa kurima matarenda akasiyana uye ane ruzivo, kubva pakugadzira kusvika pakuvandudza zvinhu uye kusarudzwa kuenda kumashopu ekugadzira.
Kuti upe kukosha kwakasimba mumunda, mubatanidzwa weyunivhesiti unofanirwa kuita kuti kusimudzira kwevashandi kuve chinhu chekutanga nekuenderana nezvido zveindasitiri, kusanganisira nhengo mukutsvagisa kwakakodzera indasitiri, nekudyara muchirongwa.
Kana uchishandura tekinoroji yehypersonic kuita mapurojekiti makuru anogadzirwa, iyo iripo engineering nekugadzira gap rehunyanzvi hwevashandi ndiro dambudziko guru.Kana tsvakiridzo yepakutanga ikasayambuka uyu mupata werufu wakadanwa nenzira kwayo — mukaha uripo pakati peR&D nekugadzira, uye mapurojekiti mazhinji aneshungu akakundikana — saka tarasikirwa nemhinduro inoshanda uye inogoneka.
Indasitiri yekugadzira yeUS inogona kumhanyisa kumhanya kwepamusoro, asi njodzi yekudzokera kumashure ndeyekuwedzera saizi yevashandi kuti ienderane.Naizvozvo, hurumende neyunivhesiti budiriro consortia inofanirwa kushanda pamwe nevagadziri kuti vashandise zvirongwa izvi.
Indasitiri yakasangana nehunyanzvi hwekugona kubva kumashopu ekugadzira kuenda kumainjiniya marabhoritari-aya magapu anozongowedzera sezvo musika we hypersonic unokura.Tekinoroji dziri kusimukira dzinoda vashandi vari kusimukira kuti vawedzere ruzivo mumunda.
Hypersonic basa rinotora akati wandei akasiyana makiyi nzvimbo dzezvakasiyana zvinhu uye zvimiro, uye imwe neimwe nzvimbo ine yayo seti yehunyanzvi matambudziko.Vanoda mwero wepamusoro weruzivo rwakadzama, uye kana hunyanzvi hunodiwa husipo, izvi zvinogona kugadzira zvipingamupinyi mukusimudzira nekugadzira.Kana isu tisina vanhu vakakwana kuchengetedza basa, hazvigoneke kufambirana nekudiwa kwekugadzirwa kwepamusoro-soro.
Semuenzaniso, tinoda vanhu vanogona kugadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira.UCAH nemamwe maconsortia akakosha kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano uye kuona kuti vadzidzi vanofarira basa rekugadzira vanosanganisirwa.Kuburikidza ne-cross-functional yakazvitsaurira yekuvandudza vashandi, indasitiri inozokwanisa kuchengetedza mukana wekukwikwidza muzvirongwa zvekubhururuka kwehypersonic mumakore mashoma anotevera.
Nekutanga UCAH, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro riri kugadzira mukana wekutora nzira yakatarisana yekuvaka hunyanzvi munzvimbo ino.Nhengo dzese dzemubatanidzwa dzinofanira kushanda pamwe chete kudzidzisa kugona kwevadzidzi kuitira kuti tigone kuvaka nekuchengetedza simba rekutsvagisa nekurikudza kuti ribudise mhedzisiro inoda nyika yedu.
Ikozvino yakavharwa NASA Advanced Composites Alliance muenzaniso wekubudirira kwekushanda kwevashandi.Kubudirira kwayo mhedzisiro yekubatanidza R&D basa nezvido zveindasitiri, izvo zvinobvumira hunyanzvi kuwedzera mukati mebudiriro ecosystem.Vatungamiri vemaindasitiri vakashanda zvakananga neNASA nemayunivhesiti pamapurojekiti kwemakore maviri kusvika mana.Nhengo dzese dzakagadzira ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye ruzivo, dzakadzidza kushandira pamwe munzvimbo isingaite makwikwi, uye vakarera vadzidzi vekoreji kuti vakudziridze kusimudzira vatambi vakuru veindasitiri mune ramangwana.
Iyi mhando yekuvandudza kwevashandi inozadza mapeji muindastiri uye inopa mikana kune mabhizinesi madiki kuti aite zvitsva nekukurumidza uye nekusiyanisa minda kuti iwane imwe kukura-inobatsira kuUS kuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza hupfumi.
Mibatanidzwa yeYunivhesiti inosanganisira UCAH zvinhu zvakakosha mumunda we hypersonic uye indasitiri yekudzivirira.Kunyangwe tsvagiridzo yavo yakasimudzira hunyanzvi huri kusimukira, kukosha kwavo kukuru kuri mukugona kwavo kudzidzisa chizvarwa chedu chinotevera chevashandi.Consortium ikozvino inofanirwa kuisa pamberi pekudyara muzvirongwa zvakadaro.Nekuita kudaro, ivo vanogona kubatsira kukurudzira kubudirira kwenguva refu kwe hypersonic innovation.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Vagadziri vezvigadzirwa zvakaoma, zvakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya (zvakadai sezvikamu zvendege) vakazvipira mukukwana nguva dzese.Hapana nzvimbo yekufambisa.
Nemhaka yokuti kugadzira ndege kwakaoma zvikuru, vagadziri vanofanira kutarisira nokungwarira muitiro wacho, vachipa ngwariro huru kunhanho imwe neimwe.Izvi zvinoda kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro uye kuchinjika kune zvine simba kugadzirwa, mhando, chengetedzo, uye nyaya dzekugovera cheni uchisangana nezvinodiwa zvemitemo.
Nekuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokanganisa kuendeswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, zvakaoma kubata uye zvinogara zvichichinja maodha ekugadzira.Iyo yemhando yepamusoro inofanirwa kuve ine simba mune yega yega yekuongorora nekugadzira, kugadzira uye kuyedzwa.Nekuda kweIndasitiri 4.0 mazano uye zvigadziriso zvemazuva ano zvekugadzira, aya matambudziko emhando yave nyore kubata nekukunda.
Izvo zvechinyakare zvinotariswa zvekugadzirwa kwendege zvagara zviri pazvinhu.Iko kunobva matambudziko mazhinji emhando inogona kunge iri brittle fracture, corrosion, kuneta kwesimbi, kana zvimwe zvinhu.Zvakadaro, kugadzirwa kwendege kwemazuva ano kunosanganisira matekinoroji epamusoro, ane mainjiniya anoshandisa zvinhu zvinoramba.Kusikwa kwechigadzirwa kunoshandisa yakanyanya hunyanzvi uye yakaoma maitiro uye emagetsi masisitimu.General operations management software mhinduro dzinogona kunge dzisisakwanise kugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara.
Zvimwe zvikamu zvakaoma zvinogona kutengwa kubva kune yepasirese yekugovera cheni, saka kufunga kwakanyanya kunofanirwa kupihwa kuzvibatanidza mukati mehurongwa hwegungano.Kusavimbika kunounza matambudziko matsva ekugovera kuoneka kweketani uye manejimendi emhando.Kuve nechokwadi chemhando yezvikamu zvakawanda uye zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa zvinoda zvirinani uye zvakabatanidzwa nzira dzemhando.
Indasitiri 4.0 inomiririra kusimukira kweindasitiri yekugadzira, uye tekinoroji yakawanda uye yakawedzera inodiwa kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zvemhando yepamusoro.Tekinoroji dzinotsigira dzinosanganisira Industrial Internet yezvinhu (IIoT), tambo dzedhijitari, augmented reality (AR), uye kufungidzira analytics.
Hunhu 4.0 inotsanangura nzira yekugadzira inofambiswa nedata inosanganisira zvigadzirwa, maitiro, kuronga, kutevedzera uye zviyero.Yakavakirwa pane kutsiva tsika dzechinyakare dzemhando yepamusoro, uchishandisa akawanda ehunyanzvi matekinoroji akafanana neayo maindasitiri, anosanganisira kudzidza muchina, midziyo yakabatana, cloud computing, uye mapatya edhijitari kushandura mafambiro esangano uye kubvisa zvinobvira zvigadzirwa kana maitiro Makanganiso.Kubuda kweHunhu 4.0 kunotarisirwa kuwedzera kushandura tsika yenzvimbo yebasa nekuwedzera kuvimba nedata uye nekushandisa kwakadzama kwemhando sechikamu cheiyo nzira yekugadzira chigadzirwa.
Hunhu 4.0 inobatanidza kushanda uye kuvimbiswa kwehutano (QA) nyaya kubva pakutanga kusvika padanho rekugadzira.Izvi zvinosanganisira maitiro ekufungidzira uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa.Zvichangoburwa zveongororo yeindasitiri zvinoratidza kuti misika mizhinji haina otomatiki dhizaini yekufambisa maitiro.Iyo yemanyorero maitiro inosiya nzvimbo yekukanganisa, kungave kukanganisa kwemukati kana kutaurirana dhizaini uye shanduko kune yekugovera cheni.
Pamusoro pekugadzira, Hunhu 4.0 inoshandisawo process-centric muchina kudzidza kuderedza marara, kuderedza kushanda patsva, uye kukwenenzvera maparamita ekugadzira.Pamusoro pezvo, inogadzirisawo nyaya dzekuita kwechigadzirwa mushure mekusununguka, inoshandisa pane-saiti mhinduro kugadzirisa kure kure chigadzirwa software, inochengetedza kugutsikana kwevatengi, uye pakupedzisira inovimbisa kudzokorora bhizinesi.Iri kuita shamwari isinga patsanurwe yeIndasitiri 4.0.
Zvisinei, hutano hahungoshandi kune zvakasarudzwa zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.Iko kusanganisirwa kweHunhu 4.0 kunogona kupinza yakazara hunhu maitiro mumasangano ekugadzira, zvichiita kuti simba rekushandura re data rive chikamu chakakosha chekufunga kwekambani.Kutevedzera pamatanho ese esangano kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwetsika yemhando yese.
Hapana maitiro ekugadzira anogona kumhanya zvakakwana mu100% yenguva.Kuchinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunokonzera zviitiko zvisingafanoonekwi zvinoda kugadziriswa.Avo vane ruzivo rwehutano vanonzwisisa kuti zvose ndezve nzira yekuenda kune kukwana.Iwe unoita sei shuwa kuti mhando inobatanidzwa mukuita kuti uone matambudziko nekukurumidza sezvinobvira?Uchaita sei kana wawana chakaremara?Pane here zvikonzero zvekunze zviri kukonzera dambudziko iri?Ndedzipi shanduko dzaungaite kuchirongwa chekuongorora kana maitiro ekuyedza kudzivirira dambudziko iri kuti risaitike zvakare?
Gadzira mafungiro ekuti maitiro ese ekugadzira ane hukama uye ane hukama maitiro emhando.Fungidzira ramangwana apo kune hukama hweumwe-kune-umwe uye unogara uchiyera kunaka.Hazvina mhosva kuti chii chinoitika zvisina tsarukano, mhando yakakwana inogona kuwanikwa.Nzvimbo yega yega yebasa inoongorora zviratidzo uye zvakakosha zviratidzi (KPIs) zuva nezuva kuona nzvimbo dzekuvandudza matambudziko asati aitika.
Mune ino yakavharwa-loop system, yega yega dhizaini maitiro ane yemhando inference, iyo inopa mhinduro yekumisa hurongwa, kubvumira maitiro kuti aenderere mberi, kana kugadzirisa chaiyo-nguva.Iyo system haina kukanganiswa nekuneta kana kukanganisa kwevanhu.Iyo yakavharwa-loop yemhando sisitimu yakagadzirirwa kugadzirwa kwendege yakakosha kuti uwane mazinga emhando yepamusoro, kupfupisa nguva dzekutenderera, uye kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzera AS9100 zviyero.
Makore gumi apfuura, pfungwa yekutarisa QA pakugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, kutsvagisa kwemusika, vatengesi, masevhisi echigadzirwa, kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinokanganisa kugutsikana kwevatengi zvaisaita.Chigadzirwa chekugadzira chinonzwisiswa kuti chinobva kune chiremera chepamusoro;mhando ndeyekuita magadzirirwo aya pamutsetse wegungano, zvisinei nekukanganisa kwavo.
Nhasi, makambani mazhinji ari kufunga patsva maitiro ekuita bhizinesi.Mamiriro ezvinhu muna 2018 anogona kunge asisagoneke.Vagadziri vanowedzera vari kuve vakangwara uye vakangwara.Ruzivo rwakawanda rwuripo, zvinoreva kungwara kuri nani kuvaka chigadzirwa chakakodzera panguva yekutanga, nekubudirira kwepamusoro uye kuita.