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Tsika dzehari dzinoratidza mamiriro ehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu vekare, nepo kugoverwa kwenzvimbo kwehari kunoratidza maitiro ekutaurirana uye nzira dzekudyidzana.Zvinhu uye geosciences zvinoshandiswa pano kuti zvione kutsvakwa, kusarudzwa uye kugadziriswa kwezvigadzirwa.The Kingdom of the Congo, pasi rose. ine mukurumbira kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechigumi neshanu, ndeimwe yenyika dzekare dzine mukurumbira muCentral Africa.Kunyange zvazvo tsvakurudzo yakawanda yezvakaitika kare ichitsamira pazvinyorwa zvemuAfrica neEuropean zvemuromo nezvakanyorwa, pachine mikaha yakawanda mukunzwisisa kwatinoita chikamu ichi chezvematongerwo enyika. .Pano tinopa ruzivo rutsva mukugadzirwa uye kutenderera kwehari muUmambo hweCongo.Kuita nzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora pamasampuli akasarudzwa, anoti XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS uye ICP-MS, takasarudza maitiro avo epetrographic, mineralogical and geochemical properties.Zvigumisiro zvedu zvinotibvumira kubatanidza zvinhu zvekuchera matongo nezvinhu zvakasikwa uye kugadzira tsika dze ceramic.Takacherechedza matemplate ekugadzira, kuchinjana maitiro, kugovera uye kupindirana kwemaitiro ezvigadzirwa zvemhando kuburikidza nekuparadzira ruzivo rwemhizha.Zvatinowana zvinoratidza kuti zvematongerwo enyika. centralization munharaunda yeLower Congo yeCentral Africa ine simba rakananga pakugadzirwa kwehari uye kutenderera.Tinovimba kuti kudzidza kwedu kuchapa hwaro hwakanaka hwekuwedzera kuenzanisa zvidzidzo kuti zvigadzirise dunhu rino.
Kugadzira uye kushandiswa kwehari yave iri basa repakati mutsika dzakawanda, uye mamiriro ayo emagariro nezvematongerwo enyika ane simba guru pakurongeka kwekugadzirwa uye nzira yekugadzira zvinhu izvi1,2.Mukati megadziriro iyi, tsvakurudzo yekeramic inogona kusimbisa kunzwisiswa kwevanhu vekare3,4.Nokuongorora matongo ezvokuchera matongo, tinogona kubatanidza zvinhu zvadzo kune tsika dzakagadzirwa nedongo uye maitiro anotevera ekugadzirwa1,4,5.Sezvakataurwa naMatson6, maererano neceramic ecology, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa zvine chokuita ne kuwanikwa kwenzvimbo yezviwanikwa zvechisikigo.Uyezve, tichifunga nezvenyaya dzakasiyana siyana dzezvidzidzo zveethnographic, Whitbread2 inoreva mukana we84% wekuvandudza zviwanikwa mukati meiyo 7km radius yezvakatangira ceramic, zvichienzaniswa ne80% mukana mukati meiyo 3km radius muAfrica7.Zvisinei. , zvakakosha kuti tisatarise kutsamira kwemasangano ekugadzira pazvinhu zvehunyanzvi2,3.Sarudzo dzetekinoroji dzinogona kuferefetwa nekuongorora kudyidzana pakati pezvinhu, matekiniki uye ruzivo rwehunyanzvi3,8,9.Ruzhinji rwezvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinogona kutsanangura imwe tsika yekeramic. .Panguva ino, kubatanidzwa kwezvokuchera matongo mukutsvakurudza kwakabatsira zvikuru kunzwisisa zviri nani nzanga dzakapfuura3,10,11,12.Kushandiswa kwemaitiro akawanda ekuongorora kunogona kugadzirisa mibvunzo pamusoro pematanho ose anobatanidzwa mukushanda kweketani, zvakadai semasikirwo emasikirwo. kusimudzira uye kusarudzwa kwezvinhu, kutenga uye kugadzirisa3,10,11,12.
Chidzidzo ichi chakanangana neHumambo hweCongo, imwe yezvematongerwo enyika ane simba kwazvo kukudziridza muCentral Africa. Pasati pasvika nyika yemazuva ano, Central Africa yaive neyakaomesesa yemagariro-ezvematongerwo enyika mosaic inoratidzirwa nekusiyana kwakakura kwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika, ine zvimiro zvinosiyana. kubva munzvimbo diki uye dzakakamukana dzezvematongerwo enyika kuenda kune dzakaoma uye dzakanyanya kutarisana nezvematongerwo enyika13,14,15.Mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvematongerwo enyika, Umambo hweCongo hunofungidzirwa kuti hwakaumbwa muzana remakore rechi14 nemasangano matatu akabatana 16, 17. heyday, yakafukidza nzvimbo yakaenzana nenzvimbo iri pakati peAtlantic Ocean kumadokero kweyazvino Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) neCuango River kumabvazuva, pamwe nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe kweAngola nhasi. Latitude yeLuanda.Yakaita basa rakakosha munharaunda yakafara panguva yekukura kwayo uye yakawana budiriro yakanangana nekuoma kukuru uye centralization kusvika 14th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st yezana ramakore rechigumi nemasere.Social stratification, a common currency, taxation systems. , kugoverwa kwevashandi kwakananga, uye kutengeswa kwevaranda18, 19 kunoratidza muenzaniso waEarle wehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika22.Kubva pakuvambwa kwayo kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17, Umambo hweCongo hwakawedzera zvakanyanya, uye kubva muna 1483 zvichienda mberi zvakasimbisa hukama hwakasimba neEurope, uye mune izvi. nzira yakatora chikamu mukutengeserana kweAtlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (zvakadzama Ona Wedzero 1) yeruzivo rwenhoroondo.
Nzira dzezvishandiso uye geoscience dzakashandiswa kune zvigadzirwa zveceramic kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo muHumambo hweCongo, uko kucherwa kwakaitwa makore gumi apfuura, anoti Mbanza Kongo muAngola uye Kindoki uye Ngongo Mbata muDemocratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 1) (ona Supplementary Table 1).2 muzvinyorwa zvezvokuchera matongo).Mbanza Congo, ichangobva kunyorwa paUNESCO World Heritage List, iri mudunhu reMpemba rehurumende yekare.Iri panzvimbo yepakati pepakati pamharadzano dzenzira dzinonyanya kukosha dzekutengeserana, yaiva yezvematongerwo enyika uye. Guta rekutonga rehumambo uye chigaro chechigaro chamambo. Kindoki neNgongo Mbata dziri mumatunhu eNsundi neMbata, zvichiteerana, iyo inogona kunge yaive chikamu chehumambo hunomwe hweKongo dia Nlaza humambo husati hwagadzwa - imwe ye zvematongerwo enyika zvakabatanidzwa28,29.Vose vari vaviri vakaita mabasa anokosha munhoroondo yose yehumambo17.Nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo dzeKindoki neNgongo Mbata dziri muInkisi Valley kuchamhembe kwehumambo uye yaive imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzakakundwa ne madzibaba ekutanga eumambo.Mbanza Nsundi, guta guru redunhu rine matongo eJindoki, ragara richitongwa nevatsivi vemadzimambo akazotevera eCongo 17, 18, 30. Dunhu reMbata rinonyanya kuwanikwa 31 kumabvazuva kweRwizi Inkisi. Vatongi veMbata ( uye kusvika kumwero wakati Soyo) vane ropafadzo yenhoroondo yekuva ivo voga vanosarudzwa kubva kuvakuru venzvimbo vachitevedzana, kwete mamwe mapurovhinzi anogadzwa vatongi nemhuri yehumambo, izvo zvinoreva huwandu hwemari 18,26.Kunyangwe zvisiri zvedunhu. guta guru reMbata, Ngongo Mbata yakaita basa repakati zvishoma muzana ramakore rechi 17. Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yehunyanzvi mune network yekutengeserana, Ngongo Mbata yakabatsira mukusimudzirwa kwedunhu semusika unokosha wekutengesa16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
Umambo hweCongo nematunhu makuru matanhatu (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu negumi nemanomwe. Nzvimbo nhatu dzakakurukurwa muchidzidzo ichi (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki neNgongo Mbata) inoratidzwa pa map.
Kusvika makore gumi apfuura, ruzivo rwezvinocherwa mumatongo nezveHumambo hweCongo hwaive hushoma33.Kunzwisisa kwakawanda munhoroondo yeumambo hwacho kwakavakirwa patsika dzepamuromo nezvinyorwa kubva kuAfrica neEurope16,17.Kutevedzana kwezviitiko mudunhu reCongo kwakakamurwa uye hakuna kukwana. kusvika pakushaikwa kwezvidzidzo zvezvokuchera matongo zvakarongeka34.Kuchera matongo kubvira 2011 kwave nechinangwa chekuzadza zvipingamupinyi izvi uye zvakafumura zvivako zvakakosha, maitiro uye zvigadzirwa.Pazvinhu izvi zvakawanikwa, potshards pasina mubvunzo inonyanya kukosha29,30,31,32,35,36. maererano neIron Age muCentral Africa, mapurojekiti ekuchera matongo seazvino haawanzoshomeka37,38.
Isu tinopa mhedzisiro ye mineralogy, geochemical and petrological analyzes ye seti yezvimedu zvehari kubva munzvimbo nhatu dzakacherwa dzeHumambo hweCongo (ona data yezvokuchera matongo muSupplementary Material 2) .Samples yaive yemhando ina dzehari (Fig. 2), imwe kubva kuJindoji Formation uye zvitatu kubva kuKing Kong Formation 30, 31, 35.Boka reKindoki rinodzokera kumashure eHumambo hwekutanga (14th kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi15) .Panzvimbo dzakakurukurwa muchidzidzo ichi, Kindoki (n = 31) ) ndiyo chete nzvimbo yakaratidza Kindoki boka30,35. Mhando nhatu dzeKongo Mapoka - Rudzi A, Rudzi C, uye Rudzi rweD - rwakadzokera kuhumambo hwekupedzisira (16th-18th mazana emakore) uye huripo panguva imwe chete munzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo dzinofungidzirwa pano30 , 31, 35.Kongo Type C mapoto arikubikira mapoto akawanda munzvimbo nhatu dzese35.Pani yemhando yeKongo A inogona kushandiswa sepani, inomiririrwa nezvidimbu zvishoma 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-mhando. Ceramics inofanira kushandiswa kushandiswa mudzimba chete - sezvo isati yambowanikwa mukuvigwa kusvika nhasi - uye inobatanidzwa neboka repamusoro revashandisi30,31,35.Zvimedu zvawo zvinoonekwawo munhamba shoma.Mapoto A uye D yakaratidza kugoverwa kwepakati kwakafanana panzvimbo yeKindoki neNgongo Mbata nzvimbo30,31.MuNgongo Mbata, kusvika ikozvino, kune 37,013 Kongo Type C zvidimbu, izvo zvinongova 193 Kongo Type A zvidimbu uye 168 Kongo Type D31 zvidimbu.
Mifananidzo yemapoka mana emhando yemidziyo yevhu yeCongo yakakurukurwa muchidzidzo chino (Kindoki Group neKongo Group: Types A, C, and D);mufananidzo wakajeka wekuonekwa kwavo kwenguva panzvimbo yega yega yekuchera matongo Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki neNgongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy neEnergy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) uye Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) yakashandiswa kugadzirisa mibvunzo pamusoro pezvingabvira zviwanikwa zvezvigadzirwa nemaitiro ekugadzira.Chinangwa chedu ndechekuona tsika dzeceramic uye kudzibatanidza kune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzira, nekudaro tichipa maonero matsva pamusoro pemagariro emunhu. yemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika ane mukurumbira muCentral Africa.
Nyaya yeHumambo hweCongo inonyanya kunetsa kune zvidzidzo zvechitubu nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana uye kujeka kwekuratidzwa kwenzvimbo ye geological (Fig. 3) .Regional geology inogona kuonekwa nekuvapo zvishoma kune undeformed geological sedimentary uye metamorphic sequences inozivikanwa se The Western Congo Supergroup.Munzira yepasi-kumusoro, kutevedzana kunotanga ne rhythmically alternating quartzite-claystone formations muSansikwa Formation, inoteverwa neHaut Shiloango Formation, inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe stromatolite carbonates, uye muDemocratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous pasi masero akaonekwa pedyo nechepasi nepamusoro peboka.The Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group is carbonate-argillite assemblage ine imwe Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization.Iyi geological formation inoratidzira nzira isina kujairika kuburikidza neasina simba diagenesis ye magnesia ivhu kana kushanduka kuduku kwe talc-inogadzira dolomite.Izvi zvinoguma nekuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri calcium uye talc mineral sources.Iyo unit yakafukidzwa nePrecambrian Schisto-Greseux Group inosanganisira sandy-argillaceous red beds.
Geological mepu yenzvimbo yefundo.Nzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo dzinoratidzwa pamepu (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki neNgongombata). Denderedzwa rakatenderedza nzvimbo inomiririra radius ye7km, inofambirana nekwakabva mukana wekushandisa we84%2.Mepu zvinoreva Democratic Republic of the Congo neAngola, uye miganhu yakanyorwa.Mamepu eGeological (shapefiles muSupplement 11) akagadzirwa muArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (webhusaiti: https://www.arcgis.com/), zvichireva Angolan41 neCongo42,65 Geological mepu (raster mafaira), uchishandisa Gadzira maitiro akasiyana ekunyora.
Pamusoro pe sedimentary discontinuity, Cretaceous units inosanganisira continental sedimentary matombo akadai sejecha uye claystone.Nearby, iyi geological formation inozivikanwa sechipiri depositional source yemadhaimondi mushure mekukurwa kweEarly Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.No imwezve igneous uye yakakwirira-giredhi metamorphic metamorphic matombo ataurwa munzvimbo iyi.
Nharaunda yakapoteredza Mbanza Kongo inoratidzwa nekuvapo kweiyo clastic uye makemikari deposits paPrecambrian strata, kunyanya limestone uye dolomite kubva kuSchisto-Calcaire Formation uye slate, quartzite uye ashwag kubva kuHaut Shiloango Formation41.Iyo yepedyo geological unit kune Jindoji archaeological site. ndiyo Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock and limestone, slate uye chert yakafukidzwa nefeldspar quartzite yePrecambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata iri munzvimbo yakamanikana yeSchisto-Greseux rock belt pakati pevakuru veSchisto-Calcaire Group uye pedyo neCretaceous red sandstone42. Uye zvakare, sosi yeKimberlite inonzi Kimpangu yakashumwa munzvimbo yakafara yeNgongo Mbata padyo necraton mudunhu reLower Congo.
Iyo semi-quantitative mhedzisiro yemaminerari makuru anowanikwa neXRD anoratidzwa muTebhurari 1, uye mumiriri XRD mapatani anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4.Quartz (SiO2) ndiyo main mineral phase, inogara ichibatanidzwa ne potassium feldspar (KalSi3O8) uye mica. .[Somuenzaniso, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], uye/kana talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].Maminerari eplagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na kana Ca] (kureva sodium uye/kana anorthite) uye amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z)(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] inopindirana crystalline phases, Kazhinji pane mica.Amphibole kazhinji haisipo kubva kune talc.
Mumiriri XRD mapatani eKongo Kingdom pottery, yakavakirwa pamatanho makuru ekristaro, anoenderana nemhando mapoka: (i) talc-hupfumi zvinhu zvakasangana muKindoki Group neKongo Type C samples, (ii) talc yakapfuma yakasangana mumasample Quartz-ine zvikamu. Kindoki Group neKongo Type C samples, (iii) feldspar-rich components muKongo Type A uye Kongo D samples, (iv) mica-rich components muKongo Type A uye Kongo D samples, (v) Amphibole rich components zvakasangana mumasampuli. kubva kuKongo Type A uye Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, kana potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Iyo isingaonekwi XRD spectra ye talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 uye pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 inoda nzira inopindirana yekuziva kuvepo kwavo, kusavapo kana kugoneka kugarisana.TGA yakaitwa pamienzaniso mitatu inomiririra (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 uye KD. 20) .TG curves (Supplement 3) yaienderana nekuvapo kwe talc mineral phase uye kusavapo kwepyrophyllite.Iyo dehydroxylation uye kuparara kwemaitiro kunoonekwa pakati pe850 ne1000 ° C inoenderana ne talc.Hapana kurasikirwa kukuru kwakaonekwa pakati pe650 uye 850 °C, zvichiratidza kusavapo kwepyrophyllite44.
Sechikamu chidiki, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], yakatemwa nekuongororwa kweakatariswa aggregates emasamples anomiririra, peak Inowanikwa pa16-7. Å, inonyanya kuwanikwa muKindoki Group neKongo Group Type A samples.
Kindoki Group-mhando samples dzakadzorerwa kubva munzvimbo yakafara yakapoteredza Kindoki yakaratidza mineral composition inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwetalc, kuwanda kwequartz uye mica, uye kuvapo kwe potassium feldspar.
The mineral composition of Kongo Type A samples inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwenhamba yakawanda yequartz-mica pairs muzvikamu zvakasiyana uye kuvapo kwe potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, uye mica.Kuwanda kweamphibole uye feldspar kunoratidza boka remhando iyi, kunyanya muCongo-type A samples kuJindoki neNgongombata.
Kongo Type C samples dzinoratidza mhando dzakasiyana dzemaminerari mukati meboka remhando, iro rinonyanya kutsamira pane nzvimbo yekuchera matongo.Samples kubva kuNgongo Mbata akapfuma muquartz uye anoratidza kuumbwa kunoenderana.Quartz ndiyo zvakare chikamu chikuru muKongo C-mhando samples. kubva kuMbanza Kongo uye Kindoki, asi mune izvi zviitiko mamwe masampuli akapfuma mu talc uye mica.
Kongo yemhando D ine yakasarudzika mineralogical kuumbwa munzvimbo dzese nhatu dzekuchera matongo.Feldspar, kunyanya plagioclase, yakawanda mumhando yehari iyi.Amphibole inowanzovapo muhuwandu.Inomiririra quartz uye mica.Zviyero zvinosiyana zvakasiyana pakati pemasampuli.Talc yakaonekwa mu amphibole. -akapfuma zvimedu zvemhando yeboka Mbanza Kongo.
Maminerari makuru ane hasha anozivikanwa nepetrographic analysis ndeye quartz, feldspar, mica uye amphibole.Rock inclusions inosanganisira zvidimbu zvepakati uye zvepamusoro-grade metamorphic, igneous uye sedimentary matombo.Data yemucheka yakawanikwa uchishandisa Orton45's reference chart inoratidza mamiriro ehurumende kubva kune varombo. kusvika kune yakanaka, ine chiyero chenyika matrix kubva pa5% kusvika ku50%.Mbeu dzakapfava dzinobva kudenderedzwa kusvika kumakona pasina kutarisisa.
Mapoka mashanu e lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, uye PGe) anosiyaniswa zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemaitiro uye mineralological. Mufananidzo 5a);PGb boka: yakakwira chikamu che tempered matrix (20% -30%), tempered matrix. dombo inclusions (Fig. 5b);PGc boka: chikamu chakakwirira chehasha matrix (20 -40%), yakanaka kune yakanaka kwazvo kurongedza kutsamwa, zviduku kusvika zviduku zvakatenderedza zviyo, zviyo zvakawanda zvequartz, dzimwe nguva planar voids (c muFig. 5);PGd boka: yakaderera reshiyo Tempered matrix (5-20​​​%), ine tsanga diki dzakadzikama, mahombe anosanganisirwa nedombo, kusaronga zvakanaka, uye yakanaka matrix texture (d muFig. 5);uye boka rePGE: chikamu chakakwirira chehasha matrix (40-50%), yakanaka kune yakanaka kwazvo kutsamwisa kurongedza, hukuru huviri hwezviyo zvinopisa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaminerari zvinyorwa maererano nekupisa (Fig. 5, e) .Mufananidzo 5 unoratidza mumiririri optical micrograph yeboka repetrographic.Optical studies of the samples dzakakonzera kuwirirana kwakasimba pakati pemhando yemhando uye petrographic seti, kunyanya mumasampuli kubva kuKindoki uye Ngongo Mbata (ona Supplementary 4 nokuda kwemumiririri photomicrographs yemuenzaniso wose wakaiswa).
Representative optical micrographs yeKongo Kingdom zvimedu zvehari;kunyorerana pakati petrographic uye typological mapoka.(a) PGa boka, (b) PGB boka, (c) PGc boka, (d) PGd boka uye (e) PGe boka.
Muenzaniso weKindoki Formation unosanganisira maitiro akanyatsotsanangurwa ematombo ane chokuita nePGa kuumbwa. Mhando dzeKongo A-mhando dzakanyanya kuwirirana nePGb lithofacies, kunze kweiyo Kongo A-mhando yemuenzaniso NBC_S.4 Kongo-A kubva kuNgongo Mbata, iyo zvine chekuita neboka rePGE mukurongeka.Mazhinji emhando dzeKongo C-sampuli kubva kuKindoki neNgongo Mbata, uye Kongo C-mhando samples MBK_S.21 uye MBK_S.23 kubva kuMbanza Kongo dzaive dzeboka rePGc.Zvisinei, akawanda Kongo Type C. masamples anoratidza zvinhu zvedzimwe lithofacies.Kongo C-type samples MBK_S.17 and NBC_S.13 present texture attributes related to PGe groups.Kongo C-type samples MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 uye MBK_S.14 zvinoumba boka rimwechete lithofacies PGd, nepo Kongo C-type samples KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 neKDK_S.25 ine midziyo yakafanana neboka rePGb.Kongo Type C samples MBK_S.14 inogona kunzi ndeye kunze nekuda kwe porous clast texture.Anenge ese masampuli ari e Kongo D-mhando inosanganiswa nePGe lithofacies, kunze kweiyo Kongo D-mhando samples MBK_S.7 uye MBK_S.15 kubva kuMbanza Kongo, iyo inoratidzira hombe dzehasha tsanga dzine density yakaderera (30%), pedyo neboka rePGc.
Samples kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo dzakaongororwa neVP-SEM-EDS kuratidza kugovera kwekutanga uye kuona iyo inonyanya kukosha yezvinyorwa zvemunhu ane hasha zviyo.EDS data inobvumira kuzivikanwa kwequartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (semuenzaniso. rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) uye perovskite neosilicates (garnet) .Silica, aruminiyamu, potasium, calcium, sodium, titanium, iron uye magnesium ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwemakemikari mu matrix.Iyo inogara yakakwirira. magnesium zvirimo muKindoki Formation uye Kongo A-mhando mabheseni anogona kutsanangurwa nekuvapo kwetalc kana magnesium clay minerals.According to elemental analysis, the feldspar grains inonyanya kufanana ne potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, uye dzimwe nguva labradorite uye anorthite (Supplement). 5, Fig. S8-S10), nepo amphibole grains ari tremolite Stone, actinite, munyaya yeKongo Type A sampuli NBC_S.3, dombo remashizha matsvuku. Kusiyana kwakajeka kunoonekwa mukuumbwa kweamphibole (Fig.6) muKongo A-type (tremolite) uye Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite) . Uyezve, munzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo, zviyo zve ilmenite zvakanyatsobatanidzwa neD-type samples. High manganese content inowanikwa mu ilmenite grains.Zvisinei. , izvi hazvina kuchinja maitiro avo e-iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) inotsiva (ona Supplementary 5, Fig. S11).
VP-SEM-EDS data.A ternary diagram inoratidza kuumbwa kwakasiyana kweamphibole pakati peKongo Type A neKongo D matangi pamasamples akasarudzwa kubva kuMbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), uye Ngongo Mbata (NBC);zviratidzo encoded nemhando mapoka.
Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yeXRD, quartz uye potassium feldspar ndiwo maminerari makuru muKongo mhando C samples, nepo kuvapo kwequartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite uye tremolite hunhu hweKongo mhando A samples.Kongo D-mhando samples inoratidza kuti quartz , potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite uye actinite ndiwo mamineral components.Kongo type A sample NBC_S.3 inogona kunzi seyakanyanya kunze nekuti plagioclase yayo is labradorite, amphibole is orthopamphibole, uye kuvapo kweilmenite kwakanyorwa.Kongo C- mhando muenzaniso NBC_S.14 inewo ilmenite tsanga (Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
XRF yakaongororwa yakaitwa pamienzaniso yevamiririri kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo kuti vaone mapoka makuru ezvinyorwa.Nzvimbo huru yezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa muTebhurari 2.Masampuli akaongororwa akaratidzwa kuva akapfuma mu silica uye alumina, ine calcium oxide concentrations pasi pe6%. concentration ye magnesium inokonzerwa nekuvapo kwetalc, iyo inversely yakabatana nema oxides esilicon uye aluminium oxide.Iyo yepamusoro sodium oxide uye calcium oxide zviri mukati zvinopindirana nehuwandu hwe plagioclase.
Kindoki Group samples dzakadzorerwa kubva panzvimbo yeKindoki dzakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwe magnesia (8-10%) nekuda kwekuvapo kwe talc.Potassium oxide mazinga muboka remhando iyi kubva ku1.5 kusvika ku2.5%, uye sodium (<0.2%) uye calcium oxide. (<0.4%) yakaderera.
Kuwanda kwesimbi yesimbi (7.5-9%) chinhu chinozivikanwa cheKongo A-type pots. Kongo type A samples kubva kuMbanza Kongo neKindoki yakaratidza kuwedzera kwe potassium (3.5-4.5%).Iyo yepamusoro magnesium oxide content (3 -5%) inosiyanisa sampuli yeNgongo Mbata kubva kune mamwe masampuli eboka remhando imwe chete.Kongo Type A samples NBC_S.4 inotaridza kuwanda kwakanyanya kwema iron oxides, ayo akabatana nekuvapo kweamphibole mineral phases.Kongo type A samples NBC_S. 3 yakaratidza yakakwira manganese concentration (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) inotonga kuumbwa kweKongo C-type sampuli, iyo inowanikwa kune zvinyorwa zvequartz zvakatemwa neXRD uye petrography.Low sodium (<0.5%) uye calcium (0.2-0.6%) zvakaonekwa. Higher concentrations ye magnesium oxide (13.9 uye 20.7%, zvichiteerana) uye yakaderera iron oxide mu MBK_S.14 uye KDK_S.20 samples inopindirana neakawanda talc minerals.Samples MBK_S.9 uye KDK_S.19 yerudzi urwu boka yakaratidza yakaderera silica concentrations uye yakakwirira sodium, magnesium, calcium uye Iron oxide content.Iyo yepamusoro yetitanium dioxide (1.5%) inosiyanisa Kongo Type C muenzaniso MBK_S.9.
Misiyano yekuumbwa kwekutanga inoratidza Kongo Type D samples, inoratidza yakaderera silica yemukati uye yakanyanya kuwanda yesodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), uye potassium oxide iri pakati pe44% kusvika 63% (1- 5%) nekuda kwekuvapo kwefeldspar.Uyezve, yakakwirira titanium dioxide content (1-3.5%) yakaonekwa mumhando iyi yeboka.Iyo yakakwirira iron oxide yeKongo D-mhando samples MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 uye NBC_S .23 inosanganiswa nepamusoro pe magnesium oxide content, iyo inopindirana nekutonga kweamphibole.Mazinga makuru e manganese oxide akaonekwa mumhando dzose dzeKongo D-mhando.
The main element data yakaratidza kuwirirana pakati pe calcium ne iron oxides mu Kongo type A uye D matangi, ayo aibatanidzwa nekupfumiswa kwe sodium oxide.Nezve trace element kuumbwa (Supplementary 6, Tafura S1), akawanda Kongo D-mhando samples ari. yakapfuma mu zirconium ine kuwirirana kwepakati ne strontium.Rb-Sr plot (Fig. 7) inoratidza kushamwaridzana pakati pe strontium neKongo D-mhando matangi, uye pakati perubidium neKongo A-mhando matangi.Both Kindoki Group neKongo Type C ceramics zvapera zvese zviri zviviri.(Onawo Supplementary 6, Figures S16-S19).
XRF data.Scatter plot Rb-Sr, samples dzakasarudzwa kubva kuCongo Kingdom pots, color-coded by type group.Girafu rinoratidza kuwirirana pakati peKongo D-type tank uye strontium uye pakati peKongo A-type tank uye rubidium.
Sample inomiririra kubva kuMbanza Kongo yakaongororwa neICP-MS kuti ione trace element uye trace element composition, uye kudzidza kugoverwa kweREE mapatani pakati pemapoka emhando.Kutsvaga uye kutsvaga zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyanya muAppendix 7, Tafura S2.Rudzi rweKongo A samples uye Kongo Type D samples MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, uye MBK_S.25 are rich in thorium.Kongo A-type cans inopa huwandu hwakanyanya hwezinc uye inopfumiswa murubidium, nepo Kongo D-type inoratidza kuwanda kwakanyanya. ye strontium, inosimbisa migumisiro yeXRF (Supplementary 7, Figures S21-S23) .Chirongwa cheLa/Yb-Sm/Yb chinoratidza kuwirirana uye chinoratidza huwandu hwelanthanum muKongo D-tank sample (Mufananidzo 8).
ICP-MS data.Scatter plot of La/Yb-Sm/Yb, samples dzakasarudzwa kubva kuCongo Kingdom basin, color-coded by type group.Kongo Type C sample MBK_S.14 haina kuratidzwa mumufananidzo.
REEs normalized by NASC47 anoratidzwa muchimiro spider plots (Fig. 9) .Zvabuda akaratidza kupfumiswa chiedza zvisingawanzoitiki pasi zvinhu (LREEs), kunyanya mumasampuli kubva Kongo A-mhando uye D-mhando matangi.Kongo Type C. yakaratidza kusiyanisa kwepamusoro.Iyo yakanaka europium anomaly inofananidzwa nemhando yeKongo D, uye iyo yakakwirira yecerium anomaly inofananidzwa neKongo A type.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora seti yemakeramiki kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzeCentral Africa dzekuchera matongo dzakabatana neHumambo hweCongo dzinova dzemapoka akasiyana emhando, anoti Jindoki neCongo mapoka. The Jinduomu Group inomiririra nguva yapfuura (nguva yekutanga humambo) uye iripo chete. panzvimbo yeJinduomu yekuchera matongo.Boka reKongo-mhando A, C, uye D-iripo munzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo panguva imwe chete.Nhoroondo yeKing Kong Group inogona kurondwa kumashure kwenguva yeumambo.Inomiririra nguva yekubatana neEurope uye kuchinjana. zvinhu mukati nekunze kweHumambo hweCongo, sezvazvave zvakaita kwemazana emakore.Compositional uye rock texture zvigunwe zvakawanikwa uchishandisa nzira yakawanda yekuongorora.Iyi ndiyo nguva yokutanga Central Africa yakashandisa chibvumirano chakadaro.
Kindoki Group's inopindirana yekuumbwa uye chimiro chedombo mafingerprints anonongedza kune akasiyana ezvigadzirwa zveKindoki.Boka reKindoki rinogona kunge rakabatana nenguva iyo Nsondi yaive purovhinzi yakazvimirira yeSeven Congo dia Nlaza28,29.Kuvapo kwetalc nevermiculite (chigadzirwa chisingadzivirirwe of talc weathering) muJinduoji Group rinokurudzira kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasvibirira zvemunharaunda, sezvo talc iripo mune geological matrix yeJinduoji site, muSchisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Iwo machira emhando yehari iyi anocherechedzwa nekuongorora manyorerwo anonongedzera kune isiri-advanced raw material processing.
Kongo A-type pots yakaratidza mamwe intra- and inter-site compositional variation.Mbanza Kongo neKindoki dzakakwirira mu potassium uye calcium oxides, nepo Ngongo Mbata ine magnesium yakawanda.Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvinozvisiyanisa kubva kune mamwe typological mapoka.Iwo ndiwo zvakanyanya kuenderana mumucheka, zvakaratidzwa ne mica paste.Kusiyana neKongo yemhando C, vanoratidza zvinyorwa zvakanyanyisa zvefeldspar, amphibole uye iron oxide. Iyo yakakwirira ye mica uye kuvapo kwe tremolite amphibole inovasiyanisa kubva kuKongo D-mhando bheseni. , apo actinolite amphibole inozivikanwa.
Kongo Type C inopawo kuchinja mune mineralogy uye makemikari ekuumbwa uye machira emhando dzenzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo uye pakati pavo.Kusiyana uku kunokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwemhando ipi zvayo yakasvibirira inowanikwa pedyo nenzvimbo imwe neimwe yekugadzirwa / kushandiswa.Zvisinei, kufanana kwemaitiro kwakawanikwa kwakawanikwa. kuwedzera kune zvemuno tekinoroji tweaks.
Kongo D-mhando yakanyatsobatana nehuwandu hwetitanium oxides, iyo inonzi inokonzerwa nekuvapo kwemaminerari e-ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20) .Iyo manganese yakakwirira yezviyo zvakaongororwa ilmenite inovabatanidza nemanganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), a unique composition compatible with kimberlite formations48,49.Kuvapo kweCretaceous continental sedimentary rocks-a source of secondary diamond deposits after erosion of pre-Cretaceous kimberlite tubes42-uye inonzi Kimberlite field yeKimberlite muLower Congo43 inoratidza kuti wider Ngongo Mbata area may be the Congo (DRC) Source of raw materials for D-type pottery production.Izvi zvinotsigirwazve nekuonekwa kweilmenite mune imwe Kongo Type A sample uye imwe Kongo Type C sample at Ngongo Mbata site.
data yeVP-SEM-EDS Yangu (Mn-ilmenites).
Positive Europium anomalies inocherechedzwa muREE modhi yeKongo D-mhando tank (ona Mufananidzo 9), kunyanya mumasampuli ane akazivikanwa ilmenite tsanga (semuenzaniso, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, uye MBK_S.24) , pamwe yakabatana ne ultrabasic igneous matombo akapfuma mune anorthite uye kuchengetedza Eu2 +.Iyi kugoverwa kweREE kunogonawo kutsanangura iyo yakakwirira strontium concentration inowanikwa muKongo D-mhando samples (ona Fig. 6) nokuti strontium inotsiva calcium50 muCa mineral lattice.The high lanthanum content (Fig. 8) ) uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hweLREEs (Fig. 9) inogona kunzi kune ultrabasic igneous matombo se kimberlite-kufanana ne geological formations51.
Iwo akakosha ekuumbwa mapoto eKongo D-akaumbwa mapoto anozvibatanidza kune chaiyo sosi yezvinhu zvakasikwa mbishi, pamwe neiyo inter-saiti yekuumbwa kufanana kwerudzi urwu, zvichiratidza nzvimbo yakasarudzika yekugadzira yeKongo D-yakaita mapoto. chaiyo yekuumbwa, kushatirwa kwechikamu chekukura kwerudzi rweKongo D kunoguma nezvinyorwa zveceramic zvakaoma zvikuru uye zvinoratidza nechinangwa chekugadzirisa zvinhu uye ruzivo rwepamusoro mukugadzirwa kwehari52. chigadzirwa chakanangana neboka rakasarudzika revashandisi35.Nezvekugadzirwa uku, Clist et al29 vanoratidza kuti inogona kunge yakave mugumisiro wekudyidzana pakati pevagadziri vematairi echiPutukezi nevaumbi vehari vekuCongo, sekuziva kwakadai kwakanga kusati kwambosangana panguva yeumambo uye kare.
Kusavapo kwemaminerari achangobva kuumbwa mumasampuli kubva kumarudzi ose emapoka anoratidza kushandiswa kwekushisa kwekushisa kwepasi (<950 ° C), iyo inopindirana nezvidzidzo zve ethnoarchaeological zvakaitwa munzvimbo iyi53,54.Mukuwedzera, kusavapo kwehematite. uye ruvara rwakasvibira rwezvimwe zvimedu zvehari zvakakonzerwa nekuderedzwa kupfurwa kana kupfutidza4,55.Zvidzidzo zveEthnographic munzvimbo iyi zvakaratidza zvinhu zvekugadzirisa moto panguva yekugadzirwa kwehari55.Mavara erima, anonyanya kuwanikwa muKongo D-shaped pots, anogona kuva yakabatana nevashandisi vanonangwa sechikamu chekushongedza kwavo kwakapfuma.Data yeEthnographic mune yakakura mamiriro eAfrica inotsigira izvi, sezvo zvirongo zvitema zvichiwanzoonekwa seane zvirevo zvekufananidzira.
Iko kuderera kwecalcium mumienzaniso, kusavapo kwecarbonates uye/kana iwo achangobva kuumbwa mamineral phases anonzi anokonzerwa neasiri-calcareous maitiro eceramics57. Mubvunzo uyu unonyanya kufarirwa kune talc-rich samples (kunyanya Kindoki Group uye Kongo Type C mabheseni) nekuti zvese zviri zviviri carbonate netalc zvirimo mu local carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.Kutsvaga nemaune mamwe marudzi ezviwanikwa kubva kumwechete kuumbwa kwe geological kunoratidza ruzivo rwepamusoro rwehunyanzvi rwakabatana ne maitiro asina kufanira evhu calcareous kana apfurwa pakudziya kwakaderera.
Kuwedzera kune intra- uye yepakati-mumunda kuumbwa uye kuumbwa kwematombo akasiyana-siyana ehari yeKongo C, kudiwa kukuru kwekubika kubika kwakatibvumira kuisa kugadzirwa kwehari yeKongo C munharaunda.Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvequartz muKongo yakawanda. C-mhando masampuli anoratidza dhigirii rekusagadzikana mukugadzirwa kwehari muumambo.Inoratidza kungwarira kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa uye ruzivo rwepamusoro rwehunyanzvi zvine chekuita nebasa rakakodzera uye rakakodzera reQuartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Quartz tempering uye calcium-isina zvinhu zvinoratidza. kuti kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa uye kugadzirisa zvakare zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi zvinoshanda.