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Tsika dzehari dzinoratidza hurongwa hwezvehupfumi hwetsika dzekare, nepo kugoverwa kwehari munzvimbo kuchiratidza maitiro ekutaurirana uye maitiro ekudyidzana. Zvishandiso ne geosciences zvinoshandiswa pano kuona kuwanikwa, kusarudzwa uye kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa. Umambo hweCongo, hwakakurumbira pasi rose kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, ndeimwe yenyika dzakakurumbira dzekare dzekoloni muCentral Africa. Kunyangwe tsvakurudzo yakawanda yenhoroondo ichitsamira panhoroondo dzeAfrica neEurope dzemuromo nedzakanyorwa, kuchine mikaha yakakura mukunzwisisa kwedu ikozvino kwechikamu ichi chezvematongerwo enyika. Pano tinopa nzwisiso itsva mukugadzirwa nekufambiswa kwehari muUmambo hweCongo. Tichiita nzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora pane sampuro dzakasarudzwa, dzinoti XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS uye ICP-MS, takaona hunhu hwavo hwe petrographic, mineralological uye geochemical. Mhedzisiro yedu inotibvumira kubatanidza zvinhu zvekuchera matongo nezvinhu zvechisikigo uye kugadzira tsika dzeceramic. Takaona matemplate ekugadzira, maitiro ekuchinjana, kugoverwa uye maitiro ekudyidzana kwezvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro kuburikidza nekuparadzira ruzivo rwehunyanzvi. Zvatakawana zvinoratidza kuti centralization yezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda yeLower Congo yeCentral Africa ine simba rakananga pakugadzirwa nekufambiswa kwehari. Isu Tinovimba kuti chidzidzo chedu chichapa hwaro hwakanaka hwezvidzidzo zvekuenzanisa kuti zvijekese nharaunda iyi.
Kugadzira nekushandisa zviumbwa zvehari kwave kuri basa guru mutsika dzakawanda, uye mamiriro azvo ezvemagariro evanhu nezvematongerwo enyika ave nemhedzisiro huru pakurongeka kwekugadzirwa uye maitiro ekugadzira zvinhu izvi1,2. Mukati meiyi gadziriro, tsvakiridzo yesimbi inogona kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu nzanga dzekare3,4. Nekuongorora zviumbwa zvesimbi zvematongo, tinogona kubatanidza hunhu hwazvo netsika dzesimbi dzematongo uye mapatani anotevera ekugadzira1,4,5.Sezvakataurwa naMatson6, zvichibva pakuchengetedzwa kwesimbi dzematongo, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa kwakabatana nekuwanikwa kwenzvimbo yezviwanikwa zvechisikigo.Uyezve, tichifunga nezvezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvetsika dzemarudzi, Whitbread2 inoreva mukana we84% wekuvandudzwa kwezviwanikwa mukati me7km radius yekwakabva zviumbwa zvesimbi, zvichienzaniswa ne80% mukana mukati me3km radius muAfrica7.Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti tisaregeredze kuvimba kwemasangano ekugadzira pazvinhu zvehunyanzvi2,3.Sarudzo dzehunyanzvi dzinogona kuongororwa nekutsvaga hukama huripo pakati pezvinhu, matekiniki neruzivo rwehunyanzvi3,8,9.Sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai dzinogona kutsanangura tsika yesimbi yesimbi.Panguva ino, kubatanidzwa kwezviumbwa zvematongo mukutsvagisa kwakabatsira. zvakanyanya kunzwisisa zviri nani nzanga dzekare3,10,11,12. Kushandiswa kwenzira dzakawanda dzekuongorora kunogona kugadzirisa mibvunzo nezvematanho ese anobatanidzwa mukushanda kwecheni, senge kuvandudzwa kwezviwanikwa zvechisikigo uye kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvakasvibiswa, kutenga nekugadzirisa3,10,11,12.
Chidzidzo ichi chinotarisa paUmambo hweCongo, imwe yenzvimbo dzine simba guru muCentral Africa. Nyika yemazuva ano isati yasvika, Central Africa yaive netsika dzakaoma dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzine musiyano mukuru wetsika nezvematongerwo enyika, dzine maumbirwo akasiyana kubva munzvimbo diki dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakaparadzana kusvika kune nzvimbo dzakaoma uye dzakanyanya kuzara dzezvematongerwo enyika.13,14,15. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya ezvemagariro evanhu, Umambo hweCongo hunofungidzirwa kuti hwakaumbwa muzana remakore rechi14 nemasangano matatu akabatana.16,17. Munguva yayo yekubudirira, yakafukidza nzvimbo yakaenzana nenzvimbo iri pakati peAtlantic Ocean kumadokero kweDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) yanhasi neRwizi rwaCuango kumabvazuva, pamwe nenzvimbo yekuchamhembe kweAngola nhasi.Latitude yeLuanda.Yakaita basa guru munharaunda yakakura panguva yayo yekubudirira uye yakaona kufambira mberi kune kuoma kukuru uye kubatanidza kusvika muzana remakore rechi14, rechi18, rechi19, rechi20, rechi21 rezana remakore rechi18.Kupatsanurwa kwenharaunda, mari yakafanana, mutero. masisitimu, kugoverwa kwevashandi, uye kutengeswa kwevaranda18, 19 zvinoratidza muenzaniso waEarle wehupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika22. Kubva pakuvambwa kwayo kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17, Umambo hweCongo hwakakura zvakanyanya, uye kubva muna 1483 zvichienda mberi hwakasimbisa hukama hwakasimba neEurope, uye nenzira iyi vakatora chikamu mukutengeserana kweAtlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (zvakadzama Ona Nyorera 1) kuti uwane ruzivo rwenhoroondo.
Nzira dzekushandisa zvinhu ne geosciences dzakashandiswa pazvinhu zveceramic kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo muUmambo hweCongo, uko kwakacherwa zvinhu mumakore gumi apfuura, zvinoti Mbanza Kongo muAngola uye Kindoki naNgongo Mbata muDemocratic Republic of Congo (Mufananidzo 1) (ona Tafura Yekuwedzera 1). 2 muruzivo rwezvakacherwa mumatongo). Mbanza Congo, ichangobva kunyorwa paUNESCO World Heritage List, iri mudunhu reMpemba rehurumende yekare. Iri panzvimbo yepakati penzvimbo panosangana nzira dzekutengeserana dzakakosha, yaive guta guru rezvematongerwo enyika nekutonga kweumambo uye chigaro chechigaro cheumambo chamambo. Kindoki neNgongo Mbata dziri mumatunhu eNsundi neMbata, zvichiteerana, ayo angangodaro aive chikamu cheumambo hunomwe hweKongo dia Nlaza husati hwagadzwa umambo - humwe hwezvematongerwo enyika akabatanidzwa 28,29. Dzese idzi dzakatamba mabasa akakosha munhoroondo yeumambo 17. Nzvimbo dzezvakacherwa dzeKindoki neNgongo Mbata dziri muInkisi Valley kuchamhembe kweumambo uye dzaive imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzakakundwa nemadzitateguru ekutanga eumambo. Mbanza Nsundi, guta guru redunhu rine matongo eJindoki, rave richitongwa nevatsivi vemadzimambo eCongo akazotevera 17, 18, 30. Dunhu reMbata rinonyanya kuwanikwa 31 kumabvazuva kwe Rwizi rweInkisi. Vatongi veMbata (uye kusvika pamwero wakati weSoyo) vane ropafadzo yenhoroondo yekuve ivo chete vanosarudzwa kubva kumachinda emuno nekutevedzana, kwete mamwe mapurovhinzi uko vatongi vanogadzwa nemhuri yehumambo, zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwemari hunosvika 18,26. Kunyangwe isiri guta guru redunhu reMbata, Ngongo Mbata yakaita basa guru muzana remakore rechi17. Nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yehunyanzvi mu network yekutengeserana, Ngongo Mbata yakabatsira mukusimudzira dunhu semusika wekutengeserana unokosha 16,17,18,26,31,32.
Umambo hweCongo nemapurovhinzi ayo makuru matanhatu (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) muzana remakore rechi16 nerechi17. Nzvimbo nhatu dzakakurukurwa muchidzidzo chino (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki neNgongo Mbata) dzinoratidzwa pamepu.
Kusvika makore gumi apfuura, ruzivo rwezvekuchera matongo nezveUmambo hweCongo rwaive rushoma33. Ruzivo rwakawanda munhoroondo yeumambo rwakavakirwa patsika dzemunharaunda uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kubva kuAfrica neEurope16,17. Kurongeka kwezviitiko munharaunda yeCongo kwakakamurwa uye hakuna kukwana nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo zvakarongeka34. Kuchera kwezvekuchera matongo kubvira muna 2011 kwave nechinangwa chekuzadza mipata iyi uye kwakafumura zvivakwa zvakakosha, zvinhu uye zvinhu zvekare.Pazvinhu izvi zvakawanikwa, hapana mubvunzo kuti matombo ehari ndiwo anonyanya kukosha29,30,31,32,35,36. NezveNguva yeSimbi muCentral Africa, mapurojekiti ezvekuchera matongo akaita seazvino haawanzoitiki37,38.
Tinopa mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwemineralology, geochemical uye petrological kwezvikamu zvehari kubva munzvimbo nhatu dzakacherwa muKingdom of the Congo (ona data rekuchera matongo muSupplementary Material 2). Mienzaniso yacho yaive yemhando ina dzehari (Mufananidzo 2), imwe kubva kuJindoji Formation uye nhatu kubva kuKing Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Kindoki Group inotangira munguva yeEarly Kingdom (zana remakore rechi14 kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi15). Panzvimbo dzakakurukurwa muchidzidzo ichi, Kindoki (n = 31) ndiyo yega nzvimbo yakaratidza mapoka eKindoki30,35. Mhando nhatu dzeKongo Groups - Type A, Type C, uye Type D - dzinotangira kuhumambo hwekupedzisira (zana remakore rechi16-18) uye dziripo panguva imwe chete munzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo dzinofungidzirwa pano30, 31, 35. Kongo Type C hari ihari dzekubikira dzakawanda munzvimbo dzese nhatu35. Kongo A-type pan inogona kushandiswa sepani yekushumira, inomiririrwa nezvidimbu zvishoma chete30, 31, 35. Zvidimbu zveKongo D zvinofanira kushandiswa chete pakushandiswa kwepamba - sezvo zvisati zvambowanikwa mumakuva kusvika pari zvino - uye zvine chekuita neboka revashandisi vane hunyanzvi 30,31,35. Zvidimbu zvacho zvinoonekwawo muhuwandu hushoma chete. Hari dzeType A neD dzakaratidza kugoverwa kwakafanana munzvimbo dzeKindoki neNgongo Mbata 30,31. MuNgongo Mbata, kusvika pari zvino, kune zvidimbu zveKongo Type C zvinosvika 37,013, izvo zvine zvidimbu zveKongo Type A zvinosvika 193 uye zvidimbu zveKongo Type D31 zvinosvika 168.
Mifananidzo yemhando ina dzemapoka ehari dzeCongo Kingdom dzakakurukurwa muchidzidzo chino (Kindoki Group neKongo Group: Mhando A, C, naD); mufananidzo wemifananidzo wekuonekwa kwavo panguva imwe neimwe panzvimbo yekuchera matongo Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki naNgongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy ine Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) uye Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) yakashandiswa kugadzirisa mibvunzo nezvenzvimbo dzinogona kuwanikwa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye matekiniki ekugadzira. Chinangwa chedu ndechekuona tsika dzeceramic uye kudzibatanidza nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzira, nokudaro tichipa maonero matsva pamusoro pemaumbirwo emagariro evanhu veimwe yemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika akakurumbira muCentral Africa.
Nyaya yeUmambo hweCongo inonyanya kuoma muzvidzidzo zvemanyuko nekuda kwekusiyana uye kujeka kwechiratidzo chejiyoroji chemuno (Mufananidzo 3). Geology yemudunhu inogona kuonekwa nekuvapo kwezvikamu zvejiyoroji zvishoma kusvika zvisina kuumbwa uye metamorphic zvinozivikanwa seWestern Congo Supergroup. Munzira yekudzika-kumusoro, kutevedzana kunotanga nekuchinjika kwequartzite-claystone muSansikwa Formation, ichiteverwa neHaut Shiloango Formation, inozivikanwa nekuvapo kwestromatolite carbonates, uye muDemocratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous earth cells yakaonekwa pedyo nepasi nepamusoro peboka. Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group iboka re carbonate-argillite rine mamwe mamineralization eCu-Pb-Zn. Kuumbwa uku kwejiyoroji kunoratidza maitiro asina kujairika kuburikidza nekusagadzikana kwekugadzira magnesia clay kana shanduko diki yedolomite inogadzira talc. Izvi zvinoguma nekuvapo kwezviwanikwa zvecalcium netalc mineral. Chikamu ichi chakafukidzwa nePrecambrian Schisto-Greseux Group ine mibhedha mitsvuku ine jecha-argillaceous.
Mepu yenzvimbo yekudzidza. Nzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo dzinoratidzwa pamepu (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki neNgongombata). Denderedzwa rakatenderedza nzvimbo iyi rinomiririra nharaunda ye7 km, iyo inoenderana nekwaniso yekushandisa kwenzvimbo ye84%. Mepu iyi inoreva Democratic Republic of the Congo neAngola, uye miganhu yacho yakanyorwa. Mepu dzenzvimbo (mafaira ari muSupplement 11) dzakagadzirwa muArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 software (webhusaiti: https://www.arcgis.com/), ichitaura nezveAngolan41 neCongolan42,65 Mepu dzenzvimbo (mafaira eraster), uchishandisa maitiro akasiyana ekunyora.
Pamusoro pekusagadzikana kwematombo eCretaceous, mayuniti eCretaceous ane matombo epasi rose akadai sejecha nedombo revhu. Pedyo, kuumbwa uku kwejeological kunozivikanwa senzvimbo yechipiri yekuisa madhaimani mushure mekukukurwa kwevhu neEarly Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42. Hapana mamwe matombo eigneous uye emhando yepamusoro akataurwa munzvimbo iyi.
Nzvimbo yakapoteredza Mbanza Kongo inozivikanwa nekuvapo kwezvimedu zvechinyakare nemakemikari paPrecambrian strata, kunyanya limestone nedolomite kubva kuSchisto-Calcaire Formation uye slate, quartzite neashwag kubva kuHaut Shiloango Formation41. Chikamu chegeological chiri pedyo nenzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeJindoji iHolocene alluvial sedimentary rock nelimestone, slate nechert zvakafukidzwa nefeldspar quartzite yePrecambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata iri muSchisto-Greseux rock belt yakamanikana pakati peSchisto-Calcaire Group yekare neCretaceous red sandstone iri pedyo42. Pamusoro pezvo, chitubu cheKimberlite chinonzi Kimpangu chakataurwa kuti chiri pedyo neNgongo Mbata pedyo necraton muLower Congo region.
Mhedzisiro yezvikamu zvikuru zvezvicherwa yakawanikwa neXRD inoratidzwa muTafura 1, uye mapatani eXRD anomiririra anoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Quartz (SiO2) ndiyo chikamu chikuru chezvicherwa, chinowanzobatanidzwa ne potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) uye mica.[Semuenzaniso, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], uye/kana talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Zvicherwa zveplagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na kana Ca] (kureva sodium uye/kana anorthite) uye amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] zvikamu zvine hukama hwe crystalline, Kazhinji pane mica. Amphibole inowanzo shaikwa kubva talc.
Mapatani eXRD anomiririra eKongo Kingdom pottery, zvichibva pamatanho makuru ecrystalline, anoenderana nemapoka emhando: (i) zvikamu zvakapfuma mutalc zvakawanikwa muKindoki Group neKongo Type C samples, (ii) talc yakapfuma yakawanikwa musampuli zvikamu zvine Quartz Kindoki Group neKongo Type C samples, (iii) zvikamu zvakapfuma mufeldspar muKongo Type A neKongo D samples, (iv) zvikamu zvakapfuma mumica muKongo Type A neKongo D samples, (v) Zvikamu zvakapfuma muAmphibole zvakawanikwa musampuli kubva kuKongo Type A neKongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, kana potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ma spectra eXRD asingasiyaniswi e talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ne pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 anoda nzira yekuwedzera kuti aone kuvapo kwavo, kusavapo kwavo kana kuti kugara pamwe chete. TGA yakaitwa pamienzaniso mitatu (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 na KDK_S.20). Ma curve eTG (Supplement 3) aienderana nekuvapo kwechikamu che talc mineral uye kusavapo kwe pyrophyllite. Kubviswa kwehydroxylation uye kuora kwechimiro kwakaonekwa pakati pe 850 ne 1000 °C zvinoenderana ne talc. Hapana kurasikirwa kwehukuru kwakaonekwa pakati pe 650 ne 850 °C, zvichiratidza kusavapo kwe pyrophyllite44.
Sechikamu chidiki, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], inosarudzwa nekuongorora ma aggregates akatarisana esampuli dzinomiririra, peak Iri pa16-7 Å, inonyanya kuwanikwa muKindoki Group neKongo Group Type A samples.
Mienzaniso yemhando yeKindoki Group yakawanikwa munzvimbo yakakura yakapoteredza Kindoki yakaratidza musanganiswa wezvicherwa unoratidzwa nekuvapo kwetalc, kuwanda kwequartz ne mica, uye kuvapo kwe potassium feldspar.
Kuumbwa kwezvicherwa zveKongo Type A samples kunoratidzwa nekuvapo kwenhamba huru ye quartz-mica pairs muhuwandu hwakasiyana uye kuvapo kwe potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, uye mica. Kuwanda kwe amphibole ne feldspar kunoratidza boka remhando iyi, kunyanya muCongo-type A samples kuJindoki neNgongombata.
Masampuleti eKongo Type C anoratidza musanganiswa wakasiyana-siyana wezvicherwa mukati meboka remhando iyi, izvo zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo yekuchera matongo. Masampuleti anobva kuNgongo Mbata akapfuma mu quartz uye anoratidza musanganiswa wakafanana. Quartz ndiyo zvakare chikamu chikuru mu sampuleti dzeKongo C-type kubva kuMbanza Kongo neKindoki, asi mune izvi mamwe masampuleti akapfuma mu talc ne mica.
Kongo type D ine mineralization yakasiyana munzvimbo dzese nhatu dzekare. Feldspar, kunyanya plagioclase, yakawanda mumhando iyi yehari. Amphibole inowanzo kuwanikwa yakawanda. Inomiririra quartz ne mica. Huwandu hwayo hunosiyana pakati pemasampuli. Talc yakawanikwa muzvidimbu zve amphibole zvakapfuma muboka remhando ye Mbanza Kongo.
Zvicherwa zvikuru zvinodziya zvakaonekwa nekuongorora kwe petrographic nde quartz, feldspar, mica uye amphibole. Kubatanidzwa kwematombo kunosanganisira zvidimbu zvematombo epakati nepakati, eigneous uye e sedimentary. Ruzivo rwejira rwakawanikwa uchishandisa chati yekutarisa yeOrton45 runoratidza chinzvimbo kubva pakushata kusvika pakunaka, nechiyero chemamiriro ezvinhu kubva pa5% kusvika pa50%. Zviyo zvinodziya zvinobva padenderedzwa kusvika pakona pasina kurongeka kwakasarudzwa.
Mapoka mashanu e lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, uye PGe) anosiyaniswa zvichienderana nekuchinja kwemaumbirwo uye mineralological. Boka rePGa: low-specific tempered matrix (5-10%), fine matrix, ine inclusions hombe dze sedimentary metamorphic rocks (Mufananidzo 5a); Boka rePGb: tempered matrix yakawanda (20%-30%), tempered matrix. Kuronga moto kwakashata, tempered grains dzakakombama, uye matombo epakati nepamusoro ane layered silicate, mica uye large rock inclusions (Mufananidzo 5b); Boka rePGc: tempered matrix yakawanda (20 -40%), tempered sorting yakanaka kusvika yakanaka kwazvo, round tempered grains diki kusvika diki, quartz grains yakawanda, occasional planar voids (c muMufananidzo 5); Boka rePGd: low ratio Tempered matrix (5-20​​​​%), ine small tempered grains, large rock inclusions, well sorting, uye fine matrix texture (d muMufananidzo 5); uye boka rePGe: chikamu chikuru che temper matrix (40-50%), yakanaka kusvika yakanaka kwazvo yekuronga temper, saizi mbiri dze tempering grains uye mineral compositions dzakasiyana maererano ne tempering (Mufananidzo 5, e). Mufananidzo 5 unoratidza optical micrograph inomiririra boka re petrographic. Optical studies yemasampuli yakatungamira kune hukama hwakasimba pakati pemhando dzekupatsanura uye petrographic sets, kunyanya mu samples kubva kuna Kindoki naNgongo Mbata (ona Supplementary 4 ye representative photomicrographs ye sample set yese).
Ma micrographs anomiririra optical ezvidimbu zvehari zveKongo Kingdom; kutaurirana pakati pemapoka e petrographic ne typological.(a) Boka rePGa, (b) Boka rePGB, (c) Boka rePGc, (d) Boka rePGd uye (e) Boka rePGe.
Sampuro yeKindoki Formation inosanganisira maumbirwo ematombo akanyatsotsanangurwa ane chekuita nekugadzirwa kwePGa. Sampuro dzerudzi rweKongo A dzakabatana zvakanyanya nePGb lithofacies, kunze kwesampuli yerudzi rweKongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A kubva kuNgongo Mbata, iyo ine chekuita neboka rePGe mukurongeka. Mizhinji yesampuli dzerudzi rweKongo C kubva kuKindoki neNgongo Mbata, uye sampuro dzerudzi rweKongo C MBK_S.21 neMBK_S.23 kubva kuMbanza Kongo dzaive dzeboka rePGc. Zvisinei, sampuro dzinoverengeka dzeKongo Type C dzinoratidza hunhu hwemamwe maumbirwo. Sampuro dzerudzi rweKongo C MBK_S.17 neNBC_S.13 dzine hunhu hwemagadzirirwo ane chekuita nemapoka ePGe. Sampuro dzerudzi rweKongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 neMBK_S.14 dzinoumba boka remaumbirwo rimwe chete PGd, nepo sampuro dzerudzi rweKongo C KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 neKDK_S.25 Zvine hunhu hwakafanana neboka rePGb. Sample yeKongo Type C MBK_S.14 inogona kutorwa seyakasarudzika nekuda kwechimiro chayo chine maburi. Anenge sampuli dzese dziri dzeKongo D-type dzakabatana nePGe lithofacies, kunze kwesampuli dzeKongo D-type MBK_S.7 neMBK_S.15 kubva kuMbanza Kongo, idzo dzinoratidza tsanga dzakakura dzakapfava dzine density shoma (30%), dziri pedyo neboka rePGc.
Mienzaniso kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo yakaongororwa neVP-SEM-EDS kuratidza kugoverwa kwezvinhu uye kuona kuumbwa kukuru kwezvikamu zvezviyo zvakanyoroveswa. Data reEDS rinobvumira kuzivikanwa kwequartz, feldspar, amphibole, iron oxides (hematite), titanium oxides (semuenzaniso rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) uye perovskite neosilicates (garnet). Silica, aluminium, potassium, calcium, sodium, titanium, iron uye magnesium ndizvo zvinhu zvemakemikari zvakajairika mu matrix. Magnesium yakawanda inogara iripo muKindoki Formation neKongo A-type basin inogona kutsanangurwa nekuvapo kwe talc kana magnesium clay minerals. Sekureva kwe elemental analysis, zviyo zve feldspar zvinonyanya kuenderana ne potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, uye dzimwe nguva labradorite uye anorthite (Supplement 5, Fig. S8–S10), nepo zviyo zve amphibole zviri tremolite Stone, actinite, kana iri Kongo Type A. muenzaniso NBC_S.3, dombo remashizha matsvuku. Musiyano wakajeka unoonekwa mukuumbwa kweamphibole (Mufananidzo 6) muKongo A-type (tremolite) uye Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Uyezve, munzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo, tsanga dzeilmenite dzaive dzakabatana zvakanyanya nesamples dzemhando yeD. Huremu hwakawanda hwemanganese hunowanikwa mutsanga dzeilmenite. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kuchinja nzira yavo yekutsiva iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) (ona Supplementary 5, Mufananidzo S11).
Data reVP-SEM-EDS. Dhayagiramu yeternary inoratidza kuumbwa kwakasiyana kweamphibole pakati pematangi eKongo Type A neKongo D pamienzaniso yakasarudzwa kubva kuMbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), uye Ngongo Mbata (NBC); zviratidzo zvinonyorwa nemapoka emhando.
Zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yeXRD, quartz ne potassium feldspar ndiwo maminerari makuru musampuli dzerudzi rweKongo C, nepo kuvapo kwe quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite ne tremolite zviri musampuli dzerudzi rweKongo A. Samples dzerudzi rweKongo D dzinoratidza kuti quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite ne actinite ndizvo zvikamu zvikuru zvemaminerari. Sample yerudzi rweKongo A NBC_S.3 inogona kutorwa seyakanyanya kunaka nekuti plagioclase yayo i labradorite, amphibole inonzi orthopamphibole, uye kuvapo kwe ilmenite kwakanyorwa. Sample yerudzi rweKongo C NBC_S.14 inewo ilmenite grains (Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
Ongororo yeXRF yakaitwa pamienzaniso inomiririra kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekuchera matongo kuti vaone mapoka makuru ezvikamu. Zvikamu zvikuru zvezvikamu zvakanyorwa muTafura 2. Mienzaniso yakaongororwa yakaratidzwa kuti yakapfuma mu silica ne alumina, ine huwandu hwe calcium oxide huri pasi pe 6%. Kuwanda kwe magnesium kunokonzerwa nekuvapo kwe talc, iyo ine chekuita ne oxides dze silicon ne aluminium oxide. Kuwedzera kwe sodium oxide ne calcium oxide zviri mukati zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwe plagioclase.
Sampuli dzeKindoki Group dzakawanikwa kubva panzvimbo yeKindoki dzakaratidza kuwedzera kukuru kwe magnesia (8-10%) nekuda kwekuvapo kwe talc. Mazinga ePotassium oxide muboka rerudzi urwu aive pakati pe1.5 ne2.5%, uye huwandu hwe sodium (< 0.2%) ne calcium oxide (< 0.4%) hwakanga hwakaderera.
Kuwanda kwesimbi oxides (7.5–9%) chinhu chinowanzoitika muhari dzerudzi rweKongo A. Samples dzerudzi rweKongo kubva kuMbanza Kongo neKindoki dzakaratidza kuwanda kwepotassium (3.5–4.5%). Kuwanda kwemagnesium oxide (3–5%) kunosiyanisa sample yeNgongo Mbata nedzimwe samples dzerudzi rumwe chete. Sample yerudzi rweKongo A NBC_S.4 inoratidza kuwanda kwakanyanya kwesimbi oxides, izvo zvine chekuita nekuvapo kweamphibole mineral phases. Sample yerudzi rweKongo A NBC_S.3 yakaratidza kuwanda kwakanyanya kwemanganese (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) ndiyo inonyanya kuumba sample yerudzi rweKongo C, iyo inowanikwa mu quartz content yakatsanangurwa neXRD ne petrography. Zviri mukati me sodium shoma (< 0.5%) ne calcium (0.2–0.6%) zvakaonekwa. Kuwanda kwe magnesium oxide (13.9 ne 20.7%, zvichiteerana) uye kuderera kwe iron oxide mu MBK_S.14 ne KDK_S.20 samples zvinoenderana nema talc minerals akawanda. Samples MBK_S.9 ne KDK_S.19 dzerudzi urwu dzakaratidza kudzikira kwe silica content uye kukwira kwe sodium, magnesium, calcium ne Iron oxide content. Kuwanda kwe titanium dioxide (1.5%) kunosiyanisa Kongo Type C sample MBK_S.9.
Kusiyana kwezvikamu zvema elemental kunoratidza kuti masampule eKongo Type D, zvichiratidza kuti mune silica yakaderera uye sodium yakawanda (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), uye potassium oxide iri pakati pe44% kusvika 63% (1-5%) nekuda kwekuvapo kwefeldspar. Uyezve, huwandu hwakawanda hwe titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) hwakaonekwa muboka iri. Hunhu hwakawanda hwe iron oxide hwemasampule eKongo D-type MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 uye NBC_S.23 hunobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwe magnesium oxide, izvo zvinoenderana nehukuru hwe amphibole. Hunhu hwakawanda hwe manganese oxide hwakaonekwa musampule dzese dzeKongo D-type.
Ruzivo rwezvinhu zvikuru rwakaratidza hukama huripo pakati pecalcium ne iron oxides mumatangi erudzi rweKongo A neD, izvo zvakabatana nekuwedzerwa kwe sodium oxide. Nezvekuumbwa kwe trace element (Supplementary 6, Table S1), akawanda ma samples erudzi rweKongo D akapfuma mu zirconium ane hukama huri pakati ne strontium. Rb-Sr plot (Mufananidzo 7) inoratidza hukama huripo pakati pematangi erudzi rwe strontium neKongo D, uye pakati pematangi erudzi rwe rubidium neKongo A. Zvese Kindoki Group neKongo Type C ceramics hazvina zvese zviri zviviri. (Onawo Supplementary 6, Mifananidzo S16-S19).
Data reXRF. Chifananidzo chekuparadzira Rb-Sr, mienzaniso yakasarudzwa kubva muhari dzeCongo Kingdom, yakarongwa nemavara zvichienderana neboka remhando. Girafu inoratidza hukama huripo pakati petangi rerudzi rweKongo D nestrontium uye pakati petangi rerudzi rweKongo A nerubidium.
Muenzaniso unomiririra kubva kuMbanza Kongo wakaongororwa neICP-MS kuti uone kuumbwa kwechinhu chinoratidza zvinhu zvinotevedzana uye zvinhu zvinotevedzana, uye kudzidza kugoverwa kwemapatani eREE pakati pemapoka emhando. Zvinhu zvinotevedzerana uye zvinotevedzana zvakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya muAppendix 7, Tafura S2. Samples dzeKongo Type A uye samples dzeKongo Type D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, uye MBK_S.25 dzakapfuma mu thorium. Matangi eKongo A ane huwandu hwakawanda hwe zinc uye ane rubidium, nepo matangi eKongo D ane huwandu hwakawanda hwe strontium, zvichisimbisa mhedzisiro yeXRF (Supplementary 7, Mifananidzo S21–S23). Chidimbu cheLa/Yb-Sm/Yb chinoratidza hukama uye chinoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwe lanthanum mumuenzaniso weKongo D-tank (Mufananidzo 8).
Data reICP-MS. Chiratidzo cheLa/Yb-Sm/Yb, sampuli dzakasarudzwa kubva kuCongo Kingdom basin, dzakanyorwa nemavara zvichienderana neboka remhando. Muenzaniso weKongo Type C MBK_S.14 hausi kuratidzwa mumufananidzo.
REEs dzakagadziriswa neNASC47 dzinoratidzwa muchimiro che spider plots (Mufananidzo 9). Zvakabuda zvakaratidza kuwedzerwa kwezvinhu zvepasi zvisingawanzoonekwi zviri nyore (LREEs), kunyanya mumienzaniso kubva kumatangi erudzi rweKongo A nerudzi rweD.Kongo Type C yakaratidza kusiyana kwakanyanya. positive europium anomaly imhando yeKongo D, uye high cerium anomaly imhando yeKongo A.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora seti yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi kubva kunzvimbo nhatu dzekare dzeCentral Africa dzine chekuita neUmambo hweCongo dziri mumapoka akasiyana-siyana, kureva mapoka eJindoki neCongo. Boka reJinduomu rinomiririra nguva yekare (nguva yekutanga yeumambo) uye rinowanikwa chete panzvimbo yekare yeJinduomu. Boka reKongo—mhando A, C, naD—rinowanikwa munzvimbo nhatu dzekare panguva imwe chete. Nhoroondo yeKing Kong Group inogona kuteverwa kudzokera kunguva yeumambo. Inomiririra nguva yekubatana neEurope uye kuchinjana zvinhu mukati nekunze kweUmambo hweCongo, sezvazvaive zvakaita kwemazana emakore. Zvigunwe zveminwe zvakagadzirwa uye zvematombo zvakawanikwa uchishandisa nzira yekuongorora yakawanda. Iyi ndiyo nguva yekutanga Central Africa yakashandisa chibvumirano chakadaro.
Zvigunwe zveKindoki Group zvinogara zvichiratidza kuumbwa kwematombo uye magadzirirwo awo zvinoratidza kuti kune zvigadzirwa zveKindoki zvakasiyana. Boka reKindoki rinogona kunge rakabatana nenguva iyo Nsondi yaive dunhu rakazvimirira reSeven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Kuvapo kwetalc nevermiculite (chinhu chinopisa zvishoma chetalc weathering) muJinduoji Group kunoratidza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvemuno, sezvo talc iripo mu geological matrix yenzvimbo yeJinduoji, muSchisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. Hunhu hwejira remhando iyi yehari hunoonekwa nekuongorora magadzirirwo hunoratidza kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvakanaka.
Mapoto erudzi rweKongo A akaratidza kusiyana kwezvimiro zvemukati nepakati penzvimbo. Mbanza Kongo neKindoki ane potassium yakawanda necalcium oxides, nepo Ngongo Mbata ine magnesium yakawanda. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana zvinoasiyanisa nemamwe mapoka emhando. Anowirirana zvakanyanya mujira, anoratidzwa ne mica paste. Kusiyana nerudzi rweKongo C, anoratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwe feldspar, amphibole uye iron oxide. Hukuru hwe mica uye kuvapo kwe tremolite amphibole zvinoasiyanisa ne Kongo D-type basin, uko actinolite amphibole inowanikwa.
Kongo Type C inoratidzawo shanduko mu mineralogy, makemikari, uye hunhu hwemachira munzvimbo nhatu dzekare uye pakati padzo. Kusiyana uku kunokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zviripo pedyo nenzvimbo yega yega yekugadzira/kushandisa. Zvisinei, kufanana kwemanyorerwo kwakawanikwa pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemuno.
Kongo D-type ine hukama hwakasimba nehuwandu hwakawanda hwetitanium oxides, iyo inokonzerwa nekuvapo kweilmenite minerals (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20). Kuwanda kwemanganese muilmenite grains yakaongororwa kunozvibatanidza nemanganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), musanganiswa wakasiyana unoenderana nekimberlite formations48,49. Kuvapo kweCretaceous continental sedimentary rocks—nzvimbo yemamwe madhaimani mushure mekuputsika kwemachubhu ekimberlite epre-Cretaceous42—uye munda weKimberlite weKimberlite wakataurwa muLower Congo43 zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo yakakura yeNgongo Mbata inogona kunge iri Congo (DRC) Sosi yezvinhu zvekugadzira pottery zverudzi rweD. Izvi zvinotsigirwawo nekuonekwa kweilmenite mune imwe sample yeKongo Type A uye imwe sample yeKongo Type C panzvimbo yeNgongo Mbata.
Data reVP-SEM-EDS. MgO-MnO scatter plot, sampuro dzakasarudzwa kubva kuMbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) naNgongo Mbata (NBC) dzine tsanga dze ilmenite dzakaonekwa, zvichiratidza manganese-titanium ferromanganese zvichibva patsvagurudzo yaKaminsky naBelousova yeMine (Mn-ilmenites).
Zvikanganiso zvakanaka zveEuropium zvakaonekwa muREE mode yetangi reKongo D-type (ona Mufananidzo 9), kunyanya mumienzaniso ine zviyo zveilmenite zvakaonekwa (semuenzaniso, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, uye MBK_S.24), pamwe zvakabatana nematombo eigneous eultrabasic akapfuma muanorthite uye anochengetedza Eu2+. Kugoverwa uku kweREE kunogonawo kutsanangura huwandu hwakawanda hwestrontium hunowanikwa mumienzaniso yeKongo D-type (ona Mufananidzo 6) nekuti strontium inotsiva calcium50 muCa mineral lattice. Kuwanda kwelanthanum (Mufananidzo 8) uye kuwanda kweLREEs (Mufananidzo 9) zvinogona kuverengerwa kumatombo eigneous eultrabasic semagadzirirwo ejiyoroji akafanana nekimberlite51.
Hunhu hwakakosha hwehari dzakaita seKongo D hunodzibatanidza kune imwe nzvimbo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, pamwe nekufanana kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzerudzi urwu, zvichiratidza nzvimbo yakasarudzika yekugadzira hari dzakaita seKongo D. Pamusoro pekusiyana kwechimiro, kugoverwa kwehukuru hwezvidimbu zveKongo D kunoguma nezvinhu zvakaoma zveceramic uye zvinoratidza kugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa nemaune uye ruzivo rwepamusoro rwehunyanzvi mukugadzira hari52. Hunhu uhwu hwakasiyana uye hunotsigirawo kududzirwa kwerudzi urwu sechigadzirwa chakanangana neboka revashandisi vepamusoro35. Nezvekugadzirwa uku, Clist et al29 vanoti zvinogona kunge zvakakonzerwa nekudyidzana pakati pevagadziri vemataira vekuPortugal nevaumbi vekuCongo, sezvo ruzivo rwakadaro rwakanga rusati rwamboonekwa panguva yeumambo uye kare.
Kusavapo kwezvikamu zvitsva zvezvicherwa mumasampuli kubva kumarudzi ese emapoka kunoratidza kushandiswa kwekupisa kwakaderera (< 950 °C), izvo zvinoenderanawo nezvidzidzo zvetsika dzekare zvakaitwa munzvimbo iyi53,54. Pamusoro pezvo, kusavapo kwehematite uye ruvara rwakasviba rwezvimwe zvidimbu zvehari zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwekupisa kana kupfurwa mushure mekupfurwa4,55. Zvidzidzo zvetsika munharaunda iyi zvakaratidza hunhu hwekugadzirisa mushure mekupfurwa panguva yekugadzira zviyo55. Mavara akasviba, anowanikwa zvakanyanya muhari dzakaita seD-shaped Kongo, anogona kubatanidzwa nevashandisi vakanangana navo sechikamu chekushongedza kwavo kwakapfuma. Data retsika munharaunda yakakura yeAfrica rinotsigira izvi, sezvo zviyo zvakasviba zvinowanzoonekwa sezvine zvazvinoreva.
Kuwanda kwecalcium mumienzaniso, kusavapo kwemacarbonates uye/kana zvikamu zvawo zvitsva zvemineral zvinokonzerwa nehunhu hweceramics husina calcium57. Mubvunzo uyu unonyanya kufadza kune talc-rich samples (kunyanya Kindoki Group neKongo Type C basin) nekuti carbonate netalc zvese zviripo mu carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually. Kutsvaga nemaune mamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa kubva mukugadzirwa kwakafanana kwe geology kunoratidza ruzivo rwepamusoro rwehunyanzvi rwakabatana nemaitiro asina kukodzera e calcareous clays kana apiswa pakupisa kwakaderera.
Kuwedzera kune kusiyana kwemaumbirwo emidziyo yeKongo C mukati nepakati pemunda uye mumatombo, kudiwa kukuru kwemidziyo yekubikira kwakatibvumira kuisa kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yeKongo C padanho renharaunda. Zvisinei, huwandu hwequartz mumhando zhinji dzemhando yeKongo C hunoratidza kuenderana kwekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yehari muumambo. Inoratidza kusarudzwa kwakanyatsonaka kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye ruzivo rwepamusoro rwehunyanzvi rwakabatana nebasa rakanaka uye rakakodzera reQuartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Kupisa kweQuartz uye zvinhu zvisina calcium zvinoratidza kuti kusarudzwa nekugadzirisa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinoenderanawo nezvinodiwa zvehunyanzvi.